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新聞動(dòng)態(tài)
抗性雜草現(xiàn)狀
2024-06-17
除草劑抗性問(wèn)題一直伴隨著除草劑的使用和發(fā)展，挑戰(zhàn)著除草劑的使用，也“激勵(lì)”著除草劑的開(kāi)發(fā)。
1、 全球抗性雜草概況
經(jīng)Weedscience網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計(jì)，截止目前，全球共發(fā)現(xiàn)530個(gè)除草劑抗性案例。涉及272種雜草（其中155種雙子葉、117種單子葉），168種除草劑（31個(gè)除草劑作用機(jī)制中占21個(gè)）；分布在72個(gè)國(guó)家，共100種作物田中。
圖1 全球抗性雜草（抗性案例）歷年增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)
截止2023年，各類(lèi)作用機(jī)制的除草劑抗性雜草數(shù)量：抗乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制劑除草劑的雜草數(shù)量最多，為174種；其次依次為光合系統(tǒng)Ⅱ（PSⅡ）抑制劑、烯醇丙酮莽草酸磷酸合成酶（EPSP）抑制劑、乙酰輔酶A羧化酶（ACCase）抑制劑、生長(zhǎng)素類(lèi)似物除草劑、光合系統(tǒng)Ⅰ（PSⅠ）電子轉(zhuǎn)移除草劑、微管組裝抑制劑，抗性雜草數(shù)量分別為87、59、51、44、33、12種。
而同一種雜草存在多個(gè)除草劑抗性的趨勢(shì)也愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重。截止2020年，248種雜草對(duì)2種及2種以上作用機(jī)制的除草劑產(chǎn)生抗性，占比94.66%。對(duì)2-5種作用機(jī)制的除草劑產(chǎn)生抗性的雜草數(shù)量分別為104、54、32和19種。其中，硬直黑麥草和早熟禾對(duì)12種作用位點(diǎn)的除草劑已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生抗性。
圖2 各作用機(jī)制的除草劑抗性雜草歷年增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)
圖3 多重抗性的雜草歷年增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)
圖4 多重抗性的雜草（TOP15）
從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)可以看出，已產(chǎn)生抗性雜草最嚴(yán)重的科為禾本科。共92種抗性雜草；其他位列前10的抗性雜草科依次為菊科、十字花科、莎草科、莧科、蓼科、玄參科、澤瀉科、藜科和石竹科。分布最多的作物田為小麥田，統(tǒng)計(jì)有85種雜草已產(chǎn)生抗性，其次為玉米田、水稻田、大豆田等。
圖5 發(fā)生抗性雜草的科（TOP10）
圖6 作物田發(fā)生抗性雜草數(shù)量（TOP10）
莠去津、草甘膦和苯磺隆是抗性問(wèn)題最嚴(yán)重的三個(gè)除草劑，分別已發(fā)現(xiàn)66、59和48種雜草對(duì)其產(chǎn)生抗藥性。其次還有咪唑乙煙酸、甲氧咪草煙、甲基碘磺隆鈉鹽、甲磺隆、氯磺隆、精噁唑禾草靈、百草枯、芐嘧磺隆、西瑪津、噻吩磺隆、啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆。
圖7 除草劑各有效成分已產(chǎn)生抗性雜草數(shù)量（TOP15）
2、 我國(guó)抗性雜草概況
Weedscience網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計(jì)了我國(guó)1990年-2023年報(bào)導(dǎo)的抗性雜草發(fā)生案例，共51個(gè)。主要發(fā)生的抗性雜草有日本看麥娘、反枝莧、稗草（原變種）、菵草、雨久花、野慈姑、播娘蒿、小飛蓬、豬殃殃、薺菜、麥家公、看麥娘、牛繁縷、鴨舌草、馬唐、繁縷、牛筋草、硬草、千金子、鐵莧菜、通泉草、稗草（西來(lái)稗變種）、棒頭草、大巢菜、多花水莧菜、黑麥草、水稗。其中抗性較為嚴(yán)重的是稗草和日本看麥娘。
主要分布于小麥、冬小麥、水稻、棉花、玉米、大豆田及非耕地中。主要分布在水稻和小麥田中。
產(chǎn)生抗性較多的除草劑包括苯磺隆、芐嘧磺隆等ALS除草劑，及炔草酯、精噁唑禾草靈等ACCase除草劑。
表1 中國(guó)抗性雜草案例
|
Year |
Species |
MOAs |
Actives |
Situations |
|
1990 |
Alopecurus japonicus |
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders& |
chlorotoluron |
Cereals, Wheat |
|
1990 |
Amaranthus retroflexus |
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders& |
atrazine |
Cropland |
|
1993 |
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli |
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors HRAC Group 15 |
butachlor |
Rice |
|
1993 |
Beckmannia syzigachne |
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders& |
chlorotoluron |
Cereals, Wheat |
|
1993 |
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli |
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors HRAC Group 15 |
thiobencarb/benthiocarb |
Rice |
|
2000 |
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli |
Auxin Mimics& |
quinclorac |
Rice |
|
2003 |
Monochoria korsakowii |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl |
Rice |
|
2003 |
Sagittaria montevidensis |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl |
Rice |
|
2005 |
Descurainia sophia |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Cereals |
|
2006 |
Conyza canadensis |
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase& |
glyphosate |
Orchards |
|
2007 |
Galium aparine |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2007 |
Alopecurus japonicus |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
haloxyfop-methyl, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, pinoxaden |
Winter wheat, Canola |
|
2009 |
Capsella bursapastoris |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2009 |
Buglossoides arvensis (=Lithospermum arvense) |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2009 |
Youngia japonica |
PS I Electron Diversion& |
paraquat |
Unspecified |
|
2010 |
Alopecurus japonicus |
PS I Electron Diversion& |
paraquat |
Unspecified |
|
2010 |
Alopecurus aequalis |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl |
Wheat |
|
2010 |
Beckmannia syzigachne |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
fenoxaprop-ethyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2010 |
Myosoton aquaticum |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2010 |
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl |
Rice, Soybean |
|
2010 |
Monochoria vaginalis |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
bensulfuron-methyl |
Rice |
|
2010 |
Digitaria sanguinalis |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
nicosulfuron |
Corn (maize) |
|
2010 |
Stellaria media |
Auxin Mimics& |
MCPA, fluroxypyr |
Winter wheat |
|
2010 |
Eleusine indica |
PS I Electron Diversion& |
paraquat |
Unspecified |
|
2010 |
Eleusine indica |
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase& |
glyphosate |
Orchards |
|
2010 |
Sclerochloa kengiana |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2011 |
Leptochloa chinensis |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
cyhalofop-butyl |
Rice |
|
2011 |
Digitaria sanguinalis |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
quizalofop-ethyl |
Cotton |
|
2011 |
Acalypha australis |
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase& |
fomesafen |
Soybean |
|
2011 |
Rorippa indica |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2011 |
Mazus fauriei |
PS I Electron Diversion& |
paraquat |
Unspecified |
|
2011 |
Sclerochloa dura |
PS I Electron Diversion& |
paraquat |
Unspecified |
|
2011 |
Descurainia sophia |
Auxin Mimics& |
MCPA |
Winter wheat |
|
2011 |
Descurainia sophia |
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase& |
carfentrazone-ethyl |
Winter wheat |
|
2011 |
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
penoxsulam |
Rice |
|
2013 |
Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis |
Auxin Mimics& |
quinclorac |
Rice |
|
2014 |
Polypogon fugax |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
clodinafop-propargyl, fluazifop-butyl, quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, sethoxydim, clethodim, pinoxaden |
Wheat, Canola |
|
2014 |
Galium aparine |
Auxin Mimics& |
fluroxypyr |
Wheat |
|
2014 |
Vicia sativa |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
tribenuron-methyl |
Wheat |
|
2014 |
Alopecurus aequalis |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, nicosulfuron, flucarbazone-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam, pinoxaden |
Wheat |
|
2014 |
Alopecurus japonicus |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
fenoxaprop-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, sulfosulfuron, nicosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam |
Wheat |
|
2014 |
Sagittaria trifolia |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
pyribenzoxim, bispyribac-sodium, bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam |
Rice |
|
2017 |
Amaranthus retroflexus |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
imazethapyr, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, lactofen, acifluorfen |
Soybean |
|
2019 |
Lithospermum arvense |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
imazethapyr, pyrithiobac-sodium, tribenuron-methyl, florasulam, pyroxsulam |
Wheat |
|
2021 |
Digitaria ciliaris |
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& |
metamifop |
Rice |
|
2022 |
Ammannia multiflora |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam |
Rice |
|
2022 |
Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flucarbazone-Na, pinoxaden, pyroxsulam |
Wheat |
|
2023 |
Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola) |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
penoxsulam |
Rice |
|
2023 |
Leptochloa chinensis |
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase& |
tripyrasulfone |
Rice |
|
2023 |
Ammannia auriculata |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
bensulfuron-methyl |
Rice |
|
2023 |
Panicum miliaceum var. ruderale Kitag. |
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& |
nicosulfuron |
Corn (maize) |
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